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Pher.o.mone
Pronunciation: fer-O-mOn
Definition: A chemical substance that is produced by an
animal and serves especially as a stimulus to other
individuals of the same species for one or more behavioral
responses -- called also ectohormone
-1997 by Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
To the scientist, pheromones
act in a very different way from normal smells. Some years
ago, researchers discovered the existence of a small organ in
the nose of many animals (known as the VNO), which has a
direct affect on social behavior. What makes this discovery
important is that the VNO/pheromone effect is not dependent
on any conditioning through experience. It is direct.
Here is an example. If a man has sex with a particular woman
regularly over a long period of time, and on every occasion
she wears a particular cologne, gradually this scent will
acquire the power of stimulating (attracting) the man all on
its own. It is then very likely that any woman wearing
this cologne will be perceived as attractive to the man. This
is a pheromone-like reaction but in the strict definition of
the word is NOT a pheromone reaction! It is acquired
conditioning, similar to that of Pavlov's salivating
dogs.
Pheromones do not depend on such associations with prior
experience to do their work. They utilize a special organ
(the VNO), which is separate from the normal smelling
process. There is still much arguing about the presence of
this VNO in humans, but it is well accepted that pigs and
cows in the vicinity of the sex pheromones of their species
will be rendered "in the mood" even if they have no
sexual experience, as long as the VNO is intact. If this VNO
is damaged, sex will only take place if the animal has prior
sexual experience. In this case the pheromones are still
acting as a sexual attractant, but only because they remind
the target of previous sexual encounters.
Here, I believe, is the crux
of the great debate among scientists as to whether pheromones
really work on humans or not, though I have yet to see this
clearly stated anywhere. The VNO organ does physically exist
in humans just as in other animals, but many scientists
believe that it has been rendered ineffective by ages of
disuse. Even human pheromones' greatest supporters admit
that humans are not as greatly led around by their VNO as
pigs and cows, but on the other hand 100% uselessness of the
organ is also hard to believe.
Forget about the VNO and pheromones for a moment, and take a
look at the difference between dogs and humans in the normal
everyday ability to detect smells. Both species have the same
physical smelling apparatus, but the dog wins a sniffing
competition easily. Probably prehistoric man could smell a
dinosaur coming a mile away, but nowadays we don't depend
on our sense of smell for survival as much as vision and
other faculties, so it has gotten a little weak from disuse.
BUT, this does not mean that our sense of smell is 100%
useless, and I suspect that the VNO/pheromone function is
also not 100% out of order, just weaker than in other
animals.
A number of pheromones and pheromone-like substances have
been isolated in humans, and have been shown in scientific
studies to have an affect on a variety of human behaviors and
hormonal processes. Whether these effects are 100%
"true" pheromone reactions or not is an interesting
point and worthy of further investigation, but is a moot
point to the perfume industry. The effects of pheromones may
be modulated by the sexual experience of the target and/or by
the extent to which the target's VNO is still functional,
but the fact is that a number of controlled human studies
have shown that pheromones both natural and
synthetic/supplemental do affect our social behavior, and a
growing mountain of raving pheromone product testimonials
also support these findings. Furthermore, I have yet to come
across even one pheromone study that has failed to show some
significant effects from pheromones, and until that happens
there is little alternative but to assume that pheromones
work.
A number of human pheromones
have been isolated and studied. Not all of these are of
interest to those searching for a mate. In fact some
pheromones have been shown to decrease testosterone
levels and thereby the mating instinct! In all the studies I
have come across, I have found 3 human pheromones that have
been found effective for attracting members of the opposite
sex: androstenol, androstenone, and copulins.
Androstenol and androstenone are pheromones which are created
on the skin of both sexes when chemicals in human sweat
interact with common bacteria. Both have been found to
influence human attraction.
The strictly female substance, copulins, which is found in
human vaginal secretions, has been shown to both elevate male
testosterone levels (directly linked to increased sex drive),
and positively affect perceptions of female
attractiveness in targeted males.
As seen
In:
TIME magazine
CNN
ABC News
Fox News
WebMD
Playboy magazine
and much much more!


